7*7/ 






MASSACHUSETTS 



Institute of Technology, 



Boston, Mass. 



Course IX. 

Department of General Studies. 



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BOSTON : 

THE COLLINS PRESS. 

1893. 



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ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS OF THE 
INSTITUTE. 



President . . . . . . Francis A. Walker. 

Secretary . . . . . . . H. W. Tyler. 

Bursar ...... Albert M. Knight. 



OFFICERS OF INSTRUCTION 
In the Department qf General Studies. 



Charles H. Levermore, Ph. D., Chairman, Professor of 
History. 
Committee I Geor( < e r Carpenter, A. B., Associate Professor of 
charge J English. 

of \ Alphonse N. van Daell, LL. D., Professor of Modern 
:ourseIX. \ Languages. 

Davis R. Dewey, Ph. D., Professor of Economics and 
Statistics. 



George T. Dippold, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of Modern Languages. 

Frank Vogel, A. M., Assistant Professor of Modern Languages. 

Robert W. Herrick, A. B., Instructor in English. 

Henry N. Dickinson, A. B., Instructor in English. 

Charles F. A. Currier, A. M., Instructor in History and Political 
Science. 

Charles H. L. N. Bernard, Instructor in Modern Languages. 

Joseph Blachstein, Instructor in Modern Languages. 

Johann Meyer, Instructor in Spanish. 

Louis D. Brandeis, LL. B., Lecturer on Business Law. 



OFFICERS OF INSTRUCTION 

In Related Departments. 



John D. Runkle, Ph. D., LL. D., Walker Professor of Mathematics. 

Wm. H. Niles, Ph. B., A. M., Professor of Geology and Geography. 

Charles R. Cross, S. B., Thayer Professor of Physics and Director of 
the Rogers Laboratory. 

Wm. T. Sedgwick, Ph. D., Professor of Biology. 

Silas W. Holman, S. B., Associate Professor of Physics. 

Webster Wells, S. B., Associate Professor of Mathematics. 

Wm. O. Crosby, S. B., Assistant Professor of Structural and Economic 
Geology. 

Linus Faunce, S. B., Assistant Professor of Drawing. 

Eleazer B. Homer, S. B., Assistant Professor of Architecture. 

Charles L. Adams, Instructor in Freehand Drawing. 

Gary N. Calkins, S. B., Lecturer on Zoology and on the Microscopical 
Examination of Water Supplies. 



course ix. 
Department of General Studies. 



The general course of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 
is designed particularly for students who look forward to a business 
career in trade, commerce, banking, or manufacturing, and who 
therefore require a broad understanding of the economic and politi- 
cal relations of society, as well as a thorough appreciation and 
knowledge of scientific methods and processes. It is believed to 
be well adapted to the needs of those who expect to engage in 
journalism or in the teaching of natural or political science, and of 
those who seek administrative positions in business, where, in place 
of detailed technical knowledge, a more liberal training is of great 
advantage. This course claims, therefore, a distinct character of 
its own. Although it aims to provide a sound and broad general 
education, it is in no wise an elective or special course with indefi- 
nite aims. The subjects of study have been carefully chosen, and 
arranged in a logical order. Science, modern languages, literature, 
history, and political and economic science" are given their appro- 
priate positions, these five branches of study being grouped together 
with direct reference to the ultimate object of the course. 



CURRICULUM. 

FIRST YEAR. 



FIRST TERM (COMMON TO ALL 
COURSES) . 

Algebra 

Solid Geometry 

General Chemistry 

Chemical Laboratory 

Mechanical and Freehand Drawing 

Rhetoric and English Composition 

French 

Military Drill 



SECOND TERM. 

Plane Trigonometry; Elements of 

Analytic Geometry 
Political History since 1815* 
French 

French (sight reading) 
Logic and Argumentative Composition 
Mechanical Drawing : Chart and Map 

Making 
Freehand Drawing 
Military Drill 



Additional advanced work is given to students in Course IX. 



SECOND YEAR. 



FIRST TERM. 


SECOND TERM. 


Economic Problems 


English Literature and Composi- 


English Literature 


tion 


French and German 


French and German 


General Biology- 


Physical Geography 


Political Economy 


Physics 


Political History of England and 


Physical Laboratory 


the United States 


Political History of England and 


Physics 


the United States 




Zoology and Botany 



THIRD 


YEAR. 


FIRST TERM. 


SECOND TERM. 


Anthropology 


Business Law 


Business Law 


French and German 


* Commercial Geography 


Historical Geology 


*Financial History of United 


History and Literature of the 


States 


Renaissance and the Reforma- 


French and German 


tion 


History and Literature of the 


♦History of Commerce 


Renaissance and the Reforma- 


Social Science and History 


tion 


^Options. 


Physics : Heat 
Statistics 


History of England in the 16th and 17th 
Centuries 


Structural Geology 


and Cooperation 


t Options. 


English Literature: 1560 -1660 


History of England in the 16th and 17th 


History of Architecture 
Differential Calculus 


Economics 


French 


Analytic Geometry 




English Literature to i=;6o 





FOURTH YEAR. 



FIRST TERM. 

Climatology 

Comparative Politics 

English Literature : 1 780- 1 860 

German 

History and Elements of Phi- 
losophy 

Physiology 

♦Taxation and Administration 
Options. 

History of Era of French Revolution 

Local United States History 

Political Science — Statistics of Sociol- 
ogy 

Language — Special Work in French or 
German, or Elements of Spanish or 
Italian 

Contemporary English and American 
Literature 

History of Architecture 

Integral Calculus 



SECOND TERM. 

Comparative Politics 

English Literature : 1660-1780 

♦History of Industry 

German 

International Law 

Sanitary Science and the Public 

Health 
Thesis 

Options. 
History of Era of French Revolution 
Local United States History 
Language — First Term Continued 
English Composition (advanced course) 
Banking and Finance 
History of Economic Theory 



* Alternating studies. 

t In this year an option in Latin Readings, with special reference to English Etymology, may 
chosen by students qualified for such work. 



SPECIAL MENTION. 



Among the characteristics of this course special attention is 
invited to the following : 

First. The development of political from natural sci- 
ence. This course has been arranged with the belief that the 
origin, growth, and laws of political and industrial society can best 
be approached through the methods used in natural science. 
Chemistry and physics, with laboratory practice, train the student 
in observation, in accurate and precise manipulation, and in a knowl- 
edge of the fundamental laws of matter and force. Biology, includ- 
ing botany and zoology, furnishes similar opportunities in animate 
life, and, from this as a basis, the student is prepared to proceed to 
the study of man in society, and to consider the history and signifi- 
cance of social institutions, such as the family, the state, and the 
church. Physical science, biology, anthropology, sociology, com- 
parative politics, and international law thus have a definite pro- 
gressive relationship, which is carefully preserved and insisted upon 
throughout the course. 

Second. The interdependence of historic and economic 
studies. Political history and political economy (with its applica- 
tions) are necessarily closely interwoven, and they involve the lessons 
most essential to the man of business. In the first year the history 
of contemporary politics leads the way to the more specialized study 
of English and American politics. This historical and political 
training affords the natural introduction to the kindred studies of 
political economy and of financial history. 

A similar relation appears in the third year, between the larger 
historical subject of mediaeval European history on the one 
hand and the broader economic topic of the history of commerce 
and of industry on the other. Finally, the two subjects of study 
undergo a still wider parallel expansion in the optional work of the 
third and fourth years and the required work of the last year, where- 
in the consideration of the great revolutionary movement of the 



modern age in society and government advances side by side with 
the study of socialism, finance, and administration. 

Third. The order of presentation in economic subjects. 
The elements of political economy first present the theory of the 
subject and train the student in deductive methods of reasoning. 
Particular groups of industrial phenomena are then taken up for 
special consideration. The studies of finance, taxation, commerce, 
and industry lead to a careful, inductive observation of the facts of 
industrial society. Not only are these subjects introduced by 
appropriate instruction in history, but when, finally, the history of 
economic theory is taken up, the student has received especial 
preparation therefor by the previous instruction in logic and phi- 
losophy. 

Special mention should also be made at this point of the in- 
struction in statistics — a branch of study not as yet generally 
introduced into the curriculum of American educational institutions. 
This study is used as a method rather than as an end, that the 
student may learn accuracy in observation of social facts, and skill 
and confidence in interpreting and testing them. 

Fourth. The system and the sequence observed in the 
study of language and literature. The instruction in English 
takes two forms, instruction in (i) English composition and in (2) 
the history and character of English literature. The present 
arrangement of Course IX. involves regular and frequent practice in 
the written and oral use of the mother tongue. In each year of 
the course the written work of the student is subjected to examina- 
tion and criticism. Especial facilities are also offered in the third 
year optional course in etymology, and in the first year required 
study of logic and argumentative composition. 

The optional and required classes in English literature extend 
throughout the course in the order, so far as possible, of chrono- 
logical and logical sequence. In time and scope they are affiliated 
somewhat closely with the concurrent historical studies. It may 
be noticed that the chief aim in the study of literature is to acquaint 
the student with the characteristic productions of the period under 
review, and to enable him to form rational standards of judgment. 
As in the classes in history and economics, attention may here also 
be called to the class libraries for reference and reading. 



9 

It should be observed that Course IX. renders it possible for the 
student to devote more time to the study of French and German 
than is allowed by any other course in the Institute. Not only is it 
the only course which provides for a possible continuous study of 
French and German, but it is also the only course which directly 
offers an opportunity for the study of other modern languages. 
In the advanced classes the exercises are conducted in either 
French or German, in order to insure cultivation of the ear. The 
work in this department also presents a twofold character. In 
mastering the vocabulary of French and German a very consider- 
able knowledge of the literature of those languages is neces- 
sarily acquired, and the literary and artistic aspects of both 
French and German civilization are viewed through the appropriate 
medium of the related language. In the second place, it is in- 
tended that the required readings in each year shall include 
standard French and German works relating to the historical, eco- 
nomic, and social topics which are simultaneously engaging atten- 
tion in the other classes of the course. In this manner the study 
of European literature yields far more than a training in language. 
It is a culture-course which links together the other leading lines 
of study. 

Fifth. The special facilities afforded. Each class has its 
own library of authorities for reference and reading. Instruction 
follows the topical method as far as possible. Conveniently joined 
to the library of the department is a reading room in which the 
student has access to the magazines and papers that are most useful 
to him. The library of the American Statistical Association is also 
kept in the rooms of Course IX., and can be used by the students 
under proper restrictions. The exceptional library facilities of 
Boston will also be more accessible than ever to the Institute 
students when the Public Library occupies its new home upon the 
neighboring square. 

The variety of options here offered to the student is naturally 
greater than in any other course in the Institute. Furthermore, as 
it is intended by the faculty that the students in this course shall 
have access to a wider range of subjects than students in the tech- 
nical courses, application (for which cause should be shown) may at 



10 

any time be made for permission to take subjects not in the course, 
or to substitute others for subjects there laid down. In such mat- 
ters and, indeed, on all matters pertaining to their work, all students 
are desired to consult freely with the members of the committee of 
instructors in charge of the course. 



Periodicals on file in the Reading-room of Course IX. 
(Room 40, Rogers Building). 

HISTORICAL, POLITICAL, AND LITERARY. 

The Academy, The Athenaeum, The Atlantic Monthly, The Critic, 
Harper's Monthly Magazine, Revue Bleue, The Edinburgh Review, The 
Quarterly Review. 

The Times (London Weekly), The Spectator, United Ireland, The 
Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review, The Nineteenth Century, The 
Contemporary Review, The National Review, The Fortnightly Review, 
The Westminster Review, The New Review; The Yale Review, In- 
ternational Journal of Ethics, The Political Science Quarterly, The 
Forum, The North American Review, The Nation, The Week (Toronto), 
Harper's Weekly, The (London) Illustrated News, Public Opinion, The 
Review of Reviews, LittelPs Living Age, Die Nation (Berlin) ; Revue 
Historique, Magazine of American History, The New England Maga- 
zine, The English Historical Review ; The Civil Service Chronicle, Good 
Government, The Voice, The Woman's Journal, American Advocate 
of Peace; L'Annuaire de Legislation Etrangere. 

The following publications are placed on file by the American Statis- 
tical Association : Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 
Annales de l'Ecole Libre des Sciences Politiques, Revue Scientifique, 
Memorias y Re vista de la Sociedad Cientifica " Antonio Alzate," Pro- 
ceedings of the American Antiquarian Society, Zeitschrift fur die gesamte 
Staatswissenschaft. 

Geographical Publications. — Petermanns Mitteilungen. Received 
by American Statistical Association : Bulletin of the American Geo- 
graphical Society, Revue Geographique Internationale, Boletin del 
Instituto Geografico Argentino, Proceedings and Transactions of the 
Queensland Branch of the Royal Geographical Society of Australasia, 
Bulletin de la Societe" de Geographie de Finlande. 



11 



ECONOMIC AND INDUSTRIAL. 



The Economic Review, Jahrbiicher fiir Nationalcekonomie, The 
(British) Economic Journal, The Banker's Magazine, Journal of Politi- 
cal Economy (Chicago), The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Publica- 
tions of the American Economic Association, Journal des Economistes, 
The Co-operative News, L'Economiste, The Economist, Bradstreet's, 
Toynbee Record, The Charities Review, The Charity Organization Re- 
view, The Chautauquan, The New Nation, Justice, Liberty, The Twen- 
tieth Century, Revue du Christianisme Pratique, The National Econ- 
omist, The Investors 1 Review, Journal of the Knights of Labor. 

Trades Union Publications. — Wood- Workers' Journal, The Labor 
Leader, The Quarrymen's Journal, The Granite-Cutters' Journal, The Car- 
penter. 

The following publications are received in the name of the American 
Statistical Association : Revue Economique de Bordeaux, Giornale degli 
Economisti, Zeitschrift fiir Volkswirtschaft, Socialpolitik und Verwal- 
tung, Archiv fiir soziale Gesetzgebung und Statistik (Braun), The 
Australian Economist, Journal of the Institute of Bankers (London), 
Revue d'Economique Politique, La Reforme Sociale, Revue Sociale et 
Politique, La Revue des Banques, Le Rentier, The Board of Trade 
Journal (London), The Chamber of Commerce Journal (London), 
Bayerische Handelszeitung, Shoe and Leather Reporter, Bulletin ot 
the National Association of Wool Manufacturers, The Manufacturer, 
Monetary Times and Insurance Chronicle (Toronto), Mitteilungen des 
Internat. Kriminalistischen Vereinigung. 

Insurance Publications. — The Standard, Insurance Monitor, 
Insurance World, The Weekly Underwriter, The Chronicle. 

statistical. 

The following statistical publications are also received by the 
American Statistical Association : Journal of the Royal Statistical 
Society, Quarterly Publications of the American Statistical Associa- 
tion, Algemeines statistisches Archiv (von Mayr), Bulletin de L'Institut 
International de Statistique, Zeitschrift des koniglich. Preussischen sta- 
tistischen Bureaus, Zeitschrift des K. Sachsischen statistischen Bureaus, 
Vierteljahrsheftezur Statistik des deutschen Reichs, Journal of the Sta- 
tistical and Social Inquiry Society of Ireland, Transactions of the Man- 
chester Statistical Society, Journal de la Society de Statistique de Paris, 
Nationalcekonomisk Tidsskrift, Statistische Monatschrift (Austrian). 



12 



ORIGIN AND HISTORY OF THE COURSE. 

The plan of the Institute, as outlined by President Rogers in the 
catalogue of 1865-6, provided, first, for a full course of scientific 
studies for students desiring to enter any of the more important 
technical professions ; and, second, for a general course of collegiate 
study adequate to 

"furnish such a general education, founded on the Mathematical, 
Physical, and Natural Sciences, English and other Modern Languages, 
and Mental and Political Science, as shall form a fitting preparation for 
any of the departments of active life." (Catalogue, 1865-6, page 9.) 

The course intended to provide for this second object of the 
Institute was numbered VI., and was denominated " Science and 
Literature." For a few years this department presented an opportu- 
nity for special training in science which the technical courses did 
not offer, and the few graduates of the course in this period were 
those who had combined a general training in literature and 
politics with such advanced studies as would now be obtained 
in the more purely scientific courses of the Institute. In 1874 the 
creation of several new departments of instruction occasioned a 
change in the number of the course from VI. to IX., and a second 
course of general training was added, numbered X., and styled 
a Course in Philosophy. From the beginning the course in Science 
and Literature had been under the charge of the late Prof. Wm. P. 
Atkinson, and for Course X. Prof. G. H. Howison, now Pro- 
fessor of Philosophy in the University of California, was respon- 
sible. Courses IX. and X. were, however, virtually two separate 
options of the same course. The former devoted more time to 
natural history, literature, and history; the latter emphasized the 
study of mathematics and philosophy. 

The adversity that overtook the Institute in 1878-9 resulted in 
such a rearrangement of courses and such a diminution of the 
Faculty that Courses VI. to X. were temporarily disabled. Prof. 
Howison severed his connection with the Institute in 1879, but the 
two forms of the "general education " course still remained, under 
the titles of "Science and Literature" and "The Elective Course." 
In 1 880-1 the title Elective Course was applied to Course IX., and 
a plan of study was outlined for it of which history, political 
economy, and modern languages were the distinctive features. In 



13 

1 88 1 the accession of Gen. F. A. Walker to the office of President 
of the Institute was followed by the reorganization of Course IX., 
which was divided into three options, styled A, B, and C, and to- 
gether constituting " The General Course." The purpose of the 
course and its general characteristics at that period may be best 
stated in the words of President Walker's report of Dec. 12, 
1883: — 

" Somewhat more than a year ago, the Faculty, with the approval of 
the Corporation, established the three general courses above referred 
to, recommending them in the case of young men whose purpose it is to 
become merchants, manufacturers, or bankers, and who desire a prepara- 
tion for active life, liberalizing in its tendencies, but without any influence 
to alienate the student from the ideas, tastes, and habits which are appro- 
priate to practical business pursuits. . . . More attention is devoted to 
the study of language, literature, history, political economy, business law, 
and industrial science than would be compatible with the requirements 
of the purely professional courses. The time which, in the latter, is neces- 
sarily given to the special technical study and work essential to the 
architect, the engineer, the naturalist, or the chemist, is, in the courses 
under consideration, assigned to more general studies, which are of a 
nature to enlarge the views and enrich the life of the man of business." 

In 1885 the three options were abandoned and in their place a 
single curriculum for the general course was adopted, in which, how- 
ever, the essential features of each of the options were preserved. 

Between 1886-90 there was a very considerable increase in the 
force of instruction in economic and political science and in Eng- 
lish. The resignation of Prof. Atkinson, in 1889, terminated 
twenty-three years of active and valuable service in charge of the 
department of English and History, during which time he had been 
the teacher of every student who had graduated from the school. 
Prof. Atkinson's withdrawal was followed by a complete differentia- 
tion of the various departments which he had directed. The more 
perfect equipment of these departments has rendered it possible to 
realize in a measure the idea of the course as outlined by President 
Rogers. Since the final determination of the course in 1886-7 ft has 
not lacked a stable and definite character, nor have its demands 
upon the student been less exacting than those of other departments 
in the Institute. The subjoined list will give information as to the 
number and character of its recent graduates. 



14 

Graduates of Course IX., 1887-92. 

1887. Dwight Brainerd, Treasurer, Hamilton Powder Co., Mon- 
treal, P. Q. 

1887. Henry B. Brainerd, Dominion Cartridge Co., Montreal, 
P.Q. 

1887. Quintard Peters, Secretary, Peters Land Co., Atlanta,. 

Ga. 

1888. Marion Talbot, Dean and Asst. Professor of Sanitary 

Science in the University of Chicago. 

1889. Charles B. Dodge, in real estate business, Boston, Mass. 

1889. William B. Thurber, M. S_, 1890, Superintendent of West- 

ern Division of the New England Telephone and Tele- 
graph Co., Boston, Mass. 

1890. Gary N. Calkins, Assistant Biologist, State Board of 

Health ; Lecturer, Mass. Inst, of Technology. 
1890. Walter F. Cook, with T. D. Cook & Co., Boston, Mass. 
1890. Charles Hayden, of Hayden, Stone & Co., Bankers, 

Boston, Mass. 
1890. Minnie H. Rogers, Principal of Private School, Jamaica 

Plain, Mass. 
1890. Benton Sturges, with Walter H. Wilson, Real Estate and 

Mortgages, Chicago, 111. 

1890. John H. Towne, with Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co., 

Stamford, Conn. 

1 89 1. William Z. Ripley (Course I., 1890). Graduate Student 

in Course IX., 1890-91. Fellow in the School of Political 
Science, Columbia College, 1891-93, M. A., Columbia 
College, 1892. 

1 89 1. Willard H. Roots, Assistant Auditor, Chattanooga Elec- 

tric Railway. 

1892. Raul R. De Carvalho, Coffee planter, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 
1892. Allen French, Student at the University of Berlin. 
1892. Russell Selfridge, with the Pope Manufacturing Com- 
pany, Boston, Mass. 

1892. Francis Walker, Fellow in the School of Political Science, 
Columbia College, 1892-93. 



15 



1892. Richard Waterman, Jr., Student at the University of 

Chicago. 
1892. Francis C. Holmes, J Not tascertained . 
1892. Geo. P. Tallant, 



Titles of Theses Presented in 1892 by Students in 
Course IX. 

The Establishment of the Brazilian Republic and the Administra- 
tion of President Fonseca. 

A Chronological Outline of American Fiction and Poetry, 1800- 
1890. 

Immigration of French Canadians to the United States. 

Political Revolutions in New York State since 1789, illustrated by 
twelve diagrams. 

The Development of the Postal System in the United States. 

A History of Pauperism in Massachusetts. 

The Educational Influence of International Expositions. 



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